Developing a Composite Index to Measure the Integration of BIM, IPD, and Lean Construction: Analysis and Framework

Abstract

Abstract: The integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), and Lean Construction (LC) presents a transformative opportunity to improve collaboration, efficiency, and sustainability in construction projects. However, the lack of a unified metric to evaluate the maturity of this integration limits strategic benchmarking and implementation. This paper introduces a novel composite index, titled the BIM-IPD-Lean Integration Index (BILI), to measure integration maturity across these three methodologies. A structured questionnaire was administered to 27 construction firms, and response data were used to develop and apply the index. The analysis revealed that most firms exhibit high to exceptional integration readiness. To bridge perception with practice, the study also proposes a conceptual framework for practical implementation of the index, enabling real-world auditing based on documented project evidence. The BILI model offers a scalable and replicable approach for evaluating integrated construction practices and contributes a structured tool for industry benchmarking and improvement.